Italy   is located partly on the  European Continent and partly on the Italian   Peninsula in Southern  Europe and on the two largest islands in the   Mediterranean Sea, Sicily  and  Sardinia.  Italy shares its northern,   Alpine boundary with France,  Switzerland,  Austria  and Slovenia.  The   independent states of San   Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves   within the Italian Peninsula,  and Campione d'Italia is an Italian   exclave in Switzerland. The  territory of Italy  covers 301,338 km² and   is influenced by a temperate  seasonal climate. With 60.2  million   inhabitants, it is the sixth most  populous country in Europe,  and the   twenty-third m
ost  populous in the world.The land known as Italy today has been the cradle of European cultures and peoples, such as the Etruscans and the Romans. Italy's capital, Rome, was for centuries the political centre of Western civilisation, as the capital of the Roman Empire. After its decline, Italy would endure numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Normans and later, the Byzantines, among others. Centuries later, Italy would become the birthplace of the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous kingdoms and city-states (such as the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Duchy of Milan), but was unified in 1861, a tumultuous period in history known as the "Risorgimento". In the late 19th century, through World War I, and to World War II, Italy possessed a colonial empire, which extended its rule to Libya, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, Ethiopia, Albania, Rhodes, the Dodecanese and a concession in Tianjin, China.
Modern Italy is a democratic republic and the world's eighteenth most developed country, with the eighth or tenth highest quality of life index rating in the world. It is a founding member of what
   is now  the European Union and North  Atlantic Treaty Organization.   Italy is  also a member of the G8 and G20. It is a member state of the    Organisation  for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World  Trade   Organization, the Council of Europe, and the Western European  Union as   well.  The country's European political, social and  economic   influence  make it a major regional power, alongside the United  Kingdom,  France,   Germany, and Russia, and Italy has been classified  in a  study, measuring  hard  power, as being the eleventh greatest  worldwide  national power.  The country has a high public education  level, high  labor force,  is a  globalised nation,  and also has 2009's  sixth best  international  reputation. Italy also has the world's  nineteenth highest  life  expectancy,  and the world's second best  healthcare system. It is  the  world's fifth most visited country, with  over 43.7 million    international arrivals, and boasts a long tradition  and several   achievements in the arts,  science and technology,  including the world's   highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites to  date. 



















